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Whitehaven Coal

Whitehaven’s record of climate and nature destruction, and the financial institutions enabling it.

Whitehaven Coal is one of the largest undiversified coal mining companies on the Australian share market.

Whitehaven has three thermal coal projects in development, in addition to two of the largest greenfield metallurgical coal mine proposals in Australia. Whitehaven’s plans to massively expand the coal industry are completely at odds with the Paris Agreement goal of limiting global warming to 1.5ºC. To justify these plans, Whitehaven refers to coal demand scenarios that would see well over 2.4ºC of global warming.

In July 2023, Whitehaven was unable to secure refinance for a revolving corporate loan that it had on its books for a decade. The list of financial institutions willing to back an undiversified coal miner with no plans to shift away from coal grows shorter. But there are still institutions financing Whitehaven’s dirty coal. Just four months later, Jefferies Group and Bank of America loaned Whitehaven US$900 million as a part of a deal to acquire the Daunia and Blackwater mines from BHP. A few months later in December, that loan was quickly replaced with a syndicate of private creditors including Ares Capital, Farallon Capital Management and Canyon Partners. Any financier that backs Whitehaven with its massive expansion plans is undermining the Paris Agreement and net-zero by 2050.

As the latest climate science makes clear, there is no time to waste. It’s time for these financiers to walk away from Whitehaven.

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Send a message to the banks funding Whitehaven​, Jefferies and Bank of America
+ other potential bankers Citi, JP Morgan Chase, Mizuho, Morgan Stanley

Financiers that have loaned to Whitehaven Coal

In February 2020, a group of 12 banks refinanced a $1 billion corporate revolver loan for Whitehaven Coal. This loan was first inked in early 2013, with Commonwealth Bank and ANZ dropping out of the loan in 2015 and 2020 respectively. Also in 2020, Nippon Export and Investment Insurance (NEXI), a Japanese state owned insurance corporation, along with MUFG and SMBC, participated in a separate $52 million loan to Whitehaven for mining equipment.

In July 2023, Whitehaven was unable to secure refinance for its corporate revolver. The loan facility included lending commitments from Australia’s big banks NAB and Westpac, as well as Japanese megabanks Mizuho, MUFG and SMBC among a group of 13 total lenders. This failure to renew marks the end of ten years of financial backing from major banks.

In October 2023, now forced to go overseas for finance, major US banks Jefferies Group and Bank of America provided a bridge loan to Whitehaven for $900 million as a part of a deal to acquire the Daunia and Blackwater mines from BHP. Whitehaven is confident that with the addition of metallurgical coal to its portfolio, it will be able to attract finance from overseas. However, in November Whitehaven was unable to refinance the bridge loan with other major institutional banks, instead turning to the private credit market for finance. Financial sources reported a syndicate of over 10 private creditors including Ares Management, Canyon Partners, Farallon Capital Management, and GIC (Singapore’s sovereign wealth fund).

Whitehaven has also repeatedly declared its intention to raise up to $1 billion in the bond market. In 2021, Deutsche Bank was reportedly arranging this finance, but has since abandoned the deal. It is not known which other banks may be involved.

Any bank still willing to finance Whitehaven with its existing coal expansion plans is undermining the 1.5ºC goal of the Paris Agreement and net-zero emissions by 2050.

Year Loan amount (AUD) Banks Involved Status
Dec 2023 $1.1 billion “More than 10 private credit lenders,” including GIC, Ares Management, Canyon Partners and Farallon Capital Management Active, $5.5 million expires Dec 2026 and $5.5 million expires Dec 2028
Oct 2023 $900 million Bank of America, Jefferies Group Retired
2020 $52 million Nippon Export and Investment Insurance (NEXI), MUFG, SMBC Active, expires Mar 2028
2020 $1 billion Bank of China ($195 million), SMBC ($115 million), Industrial and Commercial Bank of China ($110 million), NAB ($110 million), Westpac ($110 million), Mizuho ($100 million), Bank of Communications ($80 million), MUFG ($50 million), Caterpillar Finance Corporation ($40 million, Credit Suisse ($40 million), Deutsche Bank ($30 million), China Everbright Bank ($20 million) Retired

Could major super funds already divested from Whitehaven Coal start getting back in?

As of 31 December, 2023, two thirds of the top 30 super funds, by combined assets under management (AUM), have either substantially divested from, exclude investment in or have a policy in place that should reduce exposure to thermal coal companies. The default or largest investment options of 12 of these 30 funds had no exposure to Whitehaven as at 31 December 2023.

The thermal coal exclusion policies of Australia’s top super funds all previously prevented investment in Whitehaven, with the company deriving 94% of its revenue from the sale of thermal coal in 2022. However, Whitehaven’s 2023 acquisition of the Blackwater and Daunia mines from BHP will invert the company’s revenue streams, shifting the proportion of thermal coal to about 30% of the company’s revenue going forward, leaving 70% to come from its new metallurgical coal mines.

While thermal coal is used in electricity generation, metallurgical coal is used in steel production, and most super fund and bank exclusion policies apply to the former and not the latter. But metallurgical coal is a fossil fuel and needs to be phased out if the world is to have a shot at meeting its global climate goals, and Whitehaven’s expansion plans include both thermal and metallurgical projects.

Now five of Australia’s top 30 super funds could potentially re-invest in Whitehaven based on their existing thermal coal exclusion policies.

  • Commonwealth Super Corp could re-invest in Whitehaven, based on its policy which excludes companies deriving 70% of their revenue from thermal coal
  • NGS Super and TelstraSuper might be able to re-invest in Whitehaven, based on revenue thresholds of 30% and 25% in their policies, respectively
  • Spirit Super and Super SA might be able to re-invest in Whitehaven, based on how thermal coal companies are defined in their policies

Vision Super has already walked back its thermal coal exclusion policy and re-exposed its members’ retirement savings to Whitehaven, removing its previous thermal coal exclusion applying to companies generating more than 25% of revenue from the sale of thermal coal in its 2023 policy update.

Super funds that have already ruled out financial support for Whitehaven through policy must commit to steering clear of this climate wrecker in future, as Whitehaven is showing no signs of reining in its dangerous coal expansion plans. Any super fund still investing its members’ retirement savings in Whitehaven must cut ties with this company immediately.

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Tell your super fund to keep your retirement savings away from Whitehaven.

The top 30 super funds’ coal exclusion policies and investments in Whitehaven Coal

wdt_ID Fund Does this fund have a thermal coal exclusion policy? Revenue threshold Invested in Whitehaven as at 31 December 2023? Could this fund re-invest in Whitehaven?
1 Active Super Yes. Also covers metallurgical coal 33.3% No No
2 AMP No N/A Yes N/A
3 Australian Retirement Trust Yes 10% No No
4 AustralianSuper No N/A Yes N/A
5 Aware Super Yes 10% No No
6 Brighter Super No N/A Yes N/A
7 CareSuper No N/A Yes N/A
8 Cbus No, but has a 'stranded asset exclusion' that should reduce exposure to coal companies (applies to listed quantitative equity strategies only) N/A Yes N/A
9 Colonial First State No N/A Yes N/A
10 Commonwealth Super Corp Yes 70% No Yes

* Companies classified as ‘Coal and Consumable Fuels’ by the Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) methodology are defined as: “Companies primarily involved in the production and mining of coal, related products and other consumable fuels related to the generation of energy. Excludes companies primarily producing gases classified in the Industrial Gases Sub-Industry and companies primarily mining for metallurgical (coking) coal used for steel production.” If Whitehaven was to primarily produce metallurgical coal, it could be reclassified under the ‘Steel’ sub-industry according to the GICS methodology and so become an eligible investment under Spirit Super’s and Super SA’s policies.

Each fund in the above table was contacted ahead of publication and given the opportunity to provide any further disclosures not captured by our research and raise any issues relating to our analysis.

Planning for climate catastrophe

Many of the banks and investors financing Whitehaven have publicly stated their support for the Paris Agreement and the goal of achieving net zero emissions by 2050. The International Energy Agency reiterated in its 2023 update to its net zero roadmap that reaching net zero emissions by 2050 means no new coal mines or expansions can proceed:

No new long-lead time upstream oil and gas projects are needed in the NZE Scenario, neither are new coal mines, mine extensions or new unabated coal plants

 

– International Energy Agency, September 2023

Similarly, the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report again highlighted the need for coal supply to urgently and dramatically decline. According to its modelling, about 80% of coal reserves cannot be extracted and burned to limit warming to 2°C and significantly more reserves must remain in the ground to limit warming to 1.5°C. This is consistent with other studies which have concluded limiting global warming to 1.5ºC means 95% of Australia’s coal reserves must remain unburned, and coal supply must decline 78% between 2020 and 2030.

In stark contrast, Whitehaven is planning to spend around $6.3 billion1 on four new coal mines and expansions over the next ten years: Vickery, Narrabri Stage 3, Winchester South and Blackwater South. In June 2023, the company lodged an application to extend the life of its controversial Maules Creek coal mine by another nine years. Additionally, in its acquisition of the Blackwater and Daunia mines from BHP, one of the other assets Whitehaven received were the mining tenements for the Blackwater South project, a huge mine that would see Whitehaven extracting coal until 2121 if approved, and is estimated to cost over $1 billion to develop (see Blackwater South tab below for details). Also bundled into the sale is the Blackwater North project which would see an increase in production and an extension of the life of the currently operating Blackwater mine. If all of these projects proceed as planned, when emissions from digging up and burning the coal are added, over their lifetimes Whitehaven’s mines would unleash some 4.6 billion tonnes of carbon emissions, the equivalent of more than 10 times Australia’s annual emissions.2

In the last decade Whitehaven has more than doubled its production. With its acquisition of Daunia and Blackwater, Whitehaven has again doubled its managed production. Whitehaven’s expansion projects, Narrabri Stage 3, Vickery, Maules Creek Extension, Blackwater South and Winchester South would see another massive expansion in its coal production, with the company’s own data showing plans to sustain very high levels of production through to 2040 and beyond.

Whitehaven’s historical and projected coal production
Saleable coal

Source: Environmental impact assessment documentation, Whitehaven ASX releases.
Note: Assumes Whitehaven’s five-year production forecast for Blackwater and Daunia continues until end of operations. Narrabri Stage 3, Vickery (full scale), Winchester South and Blackwater South are assumed to receive FID in FY2025, 2027, 2029 and 2031 respectively.

To justify its dirty coal expansion plans, Whitehaven refers to coal demand scenarios that assume substantially higher coal consumption than in the IEA’s STEPS scenario, which would already result in 2.4°C of global warming by 2100. Even at 2°C of warming, the expected increases in temperatures, drought conditions, bushfires, extreme storms and flooding in Australia would be devastating. Global warming of 2ºC would also spell the death of the Great Barrier Reef.

Put simply, Whitehaven’s business model depends on catastrophic ecological, social and economic collapse.

Whitehaven’s coal expansion plans

Vickery Coal Mine

Whitehaven’s proposed $1 billion Vickery coal mine is totally out of line with a safe future. It involves mining approximately 120 million tonnes of coal from the Gunnedah Basin, in New South Wales. Whitehaven has portrayed the coal split between metallurgical and thermal coal differently over time at Vickery, with the most recent FY23 results presentation calling it primarily thermal coal.

In 2020, a class action challenging the Vickery coal mine expansion was brought by a group of eight young people from across Australia, represented by Equity Generation Lawyers and assisted by their 86 year-old litigation guardian, Sister Brigid Arthur. The case sought to prevent the federal environment minister from approving the proposed expansion.

In a world-first ruling in May 2021, Justice Bromberg of the Federal Court held that the environment minister has a duty of care to protect young people from the harms caused by climate change. The Court found that the impacts of global warming on young people “might fairly be described as the greatest intergenerational injustice ever inflicted by one generation of humans upon the next”.

Although the Full Federal Court overturned Justice Bromberg’s decision for legal reasons on appeal, the Court’s factual findings about the catastrophic consequences of climate change were unchallenged. The case has laid the foundations for further legal challenges to coal mining approvals.

Federal environmental approval for the Vickery expansion was granted in September 2021, the final approval necessary for Whitehaven to proceed with construction. In June this year, Whitehaven commenced “early mining” operations at Vickery to try to take advantage of high coal prices, while leaving a final investment decision on “full scale” Vickery until later.

When emissions from digging up and burning the coal from Vickery are added up, the mine would unleash around 388 million tonnes of carbon emissions over its 26-year lifespan, or more than the UK’s annual emissions.

Aerial photo of Vickery mine in its early stages
Early mining at Vickery.
Image credit: Wando Conservation & Cultural Centre Inc, January 2024

Winchester South Coal Mine

Whitehaven’s proposed $2.9 billion Winchester South coal mine involves plans for a large open-cut coal mine in Queensland’s Bowen Basin. Despite publicly referring to the mine as a “metallurgical coal mine”, the mine will in fact produce at least 42% thermal coal according to government department documents. However, this figure could be a gross underestimate, as analysis by Energy & Resource Insights shows Whitehaven has consistently underestimated thermal coal production at its Maules Creek coal mine.

Winchester South would involve mining approximately 215 million tonnes of product coal over a 30-year project lifespan. The mine would impact over 314.5 hectares of endangered Koala habitat, or the equivalent of 155 Melbourne Cricket Grounds. When emissions from digging up and burning the coal are added, the mine would unleash 558 million tonnes of carbon emissions in total, more than Australia’s entire 2022 emissions.

In February 2024, the mine was approved by the Queensland State Government. The project still needs Federal approvals and has not reached a final investment decision.

Narrabri Stage 3 Coal Mine

Whitehaven’s proposed $600 million Narrabri Stage 3 project (also known as Narrabri South) would extend the life of the existing Narrabri coal mine from 2031 to 2044. The mine expansion would result in an additional 105 million tonnes of product coal being mined. When emissions from digging up and burning the coal are added, the mine expansion would unleash over 455 million tonnes of carbon dioxide.

According to energy think-tank Ember, the Narrabri expansion could be the most polluting thermal coal mine in Australia, based on its fugitive methane gas emissions. At its 2021 AGM Whitehaven revealed it plans to fund Narrabri Stage 3 off its balance sheet with the capital expenditure expected to be available for early mining to proceed in FY2024

Arial photograph of Narrabri coal and infrastructure
Image Credit: Lock the Gate Alliance, Sept 2022

Maules Creek Extension Project

In June 2023, the company lodged an application to extend the life of its controversial Maules Creek coal mine by another nine years. This project would see Whitehaven mining at Maules Creek until 2043 and release another 266 million tonnes of carbon emissions.

Satellite view of Maules Creek mine areaWhitehaven’s Maules Creek mine top left, next the Idemitsu Boggabri mine, then Whitehaven’s Tarrawonga mine bottom right corner all eating into the Leard State Forest.
Maps data: Google, © 2 July 2020 Maxar Technologies, CNES / Airbus

Blackwater South

The Blackwater South Project was initially developed by BHP as a distinct project from its Blackwater mine. This is one of the largest metallurgical coal mine proposals in Australia, with a planned 90 year life span. Both Whitehaven and BHP confirmed at their 2023 annual general meetings that the mining tenements for this project were a part of Whitehaven’s acquisition of the Blackwater and Daunia mines from BHP. A full economic assessment of the project is not yet available, but the current planning documents estimate costs to “exceed $1 billion”. Should the mine go ahead, this would see Whitehaven mining coal until 2121, threaten 6,800 hectares of koala habitat, and over the course of its lifetime the project would unleash 1.9 billion tonnes3 of carbon emissions, or four times Australia’s annual emissions in 2022.

Satellite view of Blackwater South mine area
Approximate location of Blackwater South project. Coordinates sourced from initial advice statement. Maps data: © 2023 Google Earth, Landsat / Copernicus

Blackwater North Extension Project

The Blackwater North Extension project is an expansion of the footprint of the Blackwater Mine and extension of the mine life for a further 60 years to 2085. The project would also amount to an increase in coal production at Blackwater from 16 Mtpa to up to 17.6 Mtpa (product coal). A full economic assessment of the project is not yet available.

WHC growth project production timelines with Blackwater North

Destroying the environment and breaking the law

Whitehaven’s existing Maules Creek coal mine is one of Australia’s most controversial mining projects and was strongly opposed by local farmers and Gomeroi traditional owners. Despite a massive community campaign that included a two year blockade, Whitehaven bulldozed hundreds of hectares of critically endangered forest that provide important habitat for rare and endangered species like the Superb Parrot, Regent Honeyeater and Squirrel Glider.

Whitehaven assured the government that it could “offset” the loss of this woodland by buying and protecting other areas of habitat. Six years later, Whitehaven had not kept its promises, even after being granted multiple extensions by the federal government. In 2021, after a legal challenge by the South East Forest Alliance, the government again varied Whitehaven’s conditions of approval to grant the company a further three years to secure the necessary offsets.

Farmers near the Maules Creek coal mine are also deeply concerned that Whitehaven’s water use is drying out streams and bores. Local farmers have been repeatedly outbid on water licences with Whitehaven paying five times the market value at times for water. In April 2021, Whitehaven pleaded guilty to taking one billion litres of water during a severe drought in New South Wales.

This is not the first time Whitehaven has broken the law. The company’s mines are renowned for a litany of environmental breaches, many of which Whitehaven sought to keep secret. The incidents range in severity but many involve breaches of conditions that are imposed to protect communities and the environment from the impacts of mining. In August 2021, Whitehaven was fined $372,500 for 19 breaches of its licence, including failures to rehabilitate drill sites and drilling bores that did not meet approval conditions.

As of February 2024, Whitehaven was still in court, this time for four different allegations, one being “blasting in an incompetent manner” that allegedly impacted a worker 3 kilometres away at another coal mine in Boggabri. It is important to note that this case is being heard in the criminal, rather than the environmental, court.

Lock the Gate Alliance has compiled a comprehensive list of Whitehaven’s law-breaking over the last 10 years. This compilation shows the company and its subsidiaries have been found guilty or investigated 35 times and incurred almost $1.5 million in total penalties.

1 Note that both Whitehaven and state planning bodies frequently present the “investment value” of these projects, which is a net present value and so does not reflect the real-world dollar cost of the projects. We use undiscounted capex and adjust it to current prices using historical coal mining industry inflation rates. We assume Vickery will incur capex of approximately $1bn, Winchester South $3bn, Blackwater South $1.5bn and Narrabri stage 3 $700m over the next ten years. This assumes all four projects receive FID in the next few years.

2 Calculated from the gross (managed) production as forecast by Market Forces using project planning documentation, using separate stationary emissions factors for thermal and metallurgical coal from the Australian government.

3 Based on annual product coal production of 8 million tonnes for 90 years, using stationary combustion emissions intensities from the Australian Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water.

4 Based on annual product coal production of 8 million tonnes for 90 years, using stationary combustion emissions intensities from the Australian Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water.

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